Numéro
Therapie
Volume 70, Numéro 2, Mars-Avril 2015
Addictovigilance : le défi pharmacologique de l'évaluation et de la prévention des substances à risque
Page(s) 179 - 189
Section Addictovigilance / Addictovigilance
DOI https://doi.org/10.2515/therapie/2015001
Publié en ligne 9 avril 2015
  1. Shulgin A, Shulgin A. PiHKAL: a chemical love story. Transform Press, Berkeley, California, 1991 [Google Scholar]
  2. Shulgin A, Shulgin A. TiHKAL: the continuation. Transform Press, Berkeley, California, 1997 [Google Scholar]
  3. Huffman JW. Cannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles, and indenes: structure–activity relationships and receptor interactions. In: Reggio Patricia H. (ed.). The cannabinoid receptors, Humana Press, Totowa, 2009 [Google Scholar]
  4. Al-Saffar Y, Stephanson NN, Beck O. Multicomponent LC-MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine-experience from the Swedish population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930: 112-20 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Pedersen AJ, Dalsgaard PW, Rode AJ, et al. Screening for illicit and medicinal drugs in whole blood using fully automated SPE and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with TOF-MS with data-independent acquisition. J Sep Sci 2013; 36(13): 2081-9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. EMCDDA, Rapport européen sur les drogues - tendances et évolutions. 2013 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_213154_FR_TDAT13001FRN_REV.pdf Accessed October 21st, 2014 (80 pages) [Google Scholar]
  7. Yasar S, Gaal J, Justinova Z, et al. Discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of p-fluoro-L-deprenyl in monkeys. J Psychopharmacology 2005; 182(1): 95-103 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  8. Magyar K. Behaviour of (-)-deprenyl and its analogues. J Neural Transm Suppl 1994; 41: 167-75 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Marona-Lewicka D, Rhee GS, Sprague JE, et al. Psychostimulant-like effects of p-fluoroamphetamine in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 287(2): 105-13 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Nagai F, Nonaka R, Satoh Hisashi Kamimura K. The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559(2-3): 132-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Rothman RB, Baumann MH. Balance between dopamine and serotonin release modulates behavioral effects of amphetamine-type drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Aug; 1074: 245-60 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brunt TM, Koeter MW, Niesink RJ, et al. Linking the pharmacological content of ecstasy tablets to the subjective experiences of drug users. Psychopharmacology 2012; 220(4): 751-62 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Johansen S, Hansen TM. Isomers of fluoroamphetamines detected in forensic cases in Denmark. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126(4): 541-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Wee S, Anderson KG, Baumann MH, et al. Relationship between the serotoninergic activity and reinforcing effects of a series of amphetamine analogs. Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313(2): 848-54 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  15. Baumann MH, Clark RD, Woolverton WL, et al. In vivo effects of amphetamine analogs reveal evidence for serotonergic inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine transmission in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337(1): 218-25 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kimmel HL, Manvich DF, Blough BE, et al. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine analogs that release monoamines in the squirrel monkey. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94(2): 278-84 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Wellman PJ, Davis KW, Clifford PS, et al. Changes in feeding and locomotion induced by amphetamine analogs in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 100(3): 234-9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Marsh DF, Herring DA. The pharmacological activity of the ring methyl substituted phenisopropylamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1950; 100(3): 298-308 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. EMCDDA. Report on the risk assessment of 4-methylamphetamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. OEDT 2014 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/risk-assessment/4-MA Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  20. Belgian Early Warning System on Drugs: 4-methylamphetamine alert by EMCDDA https://ewsd.wiv-isp.be/Main/4-Methylamphetamine{%}20alert{%}20by{%}20EMCDDA.aspx Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  21. Blanckaert P, Van Amsterdam J,Brunt T, et al. 4-Methyl-amphetamine: a health threat for recreational amphetamine users. Psychopharmacol 2013; 27(9): 817-22 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  22. World Health Organization. 36th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. 25I-NBOMe Critical review report 2014 http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_19_review.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (24 pages) [Google Scholar]
  23. EMCDDA. Report on the risk assessment of 2C-1, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. 2004 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33353EN.html Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  24. US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. Special report: emerging 2C-phenethylamines, piperazines, and tryptamines in NFLIS (National Forensic Laboratory Information System), 2006-2011. 2011 https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/DesktopModules/ReportDownloads/Reports/NFLIS_SR_Emerging_II.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (8 pages) [Google Scholar]
  25. Lawn W, Baratt M, Williams M, et al. The NBOMe hallucinogenic drug series: patterns of use, characteristics of users and self-reported effects in a large international sample. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28(8): 780-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hill SL, Thomas SHL. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49(8): 705-19 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. World Health Organization. 36th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. 25B-NBOMe Critical Review Report. 2014 http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_17_review.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (19 pages) [Google Scholar]
  28. World Health Organization. 36th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. 25C-NBOMe Critical Review Report. 2014 http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_18_review.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (19 pages) [Google Scholar]
  29. Musselman ME, Hampton JP. “Not for human consumption”: a review of emerging designer drugs. Pharmacotherapy 2014 Jul; 34(7): 745-57 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. EMCDDA-Europol: EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe. 2014 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-report/25I-NBOMe Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  31. Ninnemann A, Stuart GL. The NBOMe series: a novel, dangerous group of hallucinogenic drugs. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74(6): 977-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Tang MH, Ching CK, Tsui MS, et al. Two cases of severe intoxication associated with analytically confirmed use of the novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe. Clin Toxicol 2014 Jun; 52(5): 561-5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hill SL, Doris T, Gurung S, et al. Severe clinical toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of 25I-NBOMe: case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51: 487-92 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Prabhakar D. Exposure to potent hallucinogens in an adolescent: a case for high index of suspicion. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2013; 15(5) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bosak A, LoVecchio F, Levine M. Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following “2C-I” ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2013; 9(2): 196-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Curtis B, Kemp P, Harty L, et al. Postmortem identification and quantitation of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine using GC-MSD and GC-NPD. J Anal Toxicol 2003; 27(7): 493-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantelina LR, et al. 2011 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 29th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50(10): 911-1164 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Walterscheid JP, Phillips GT, Lopez AE, et al. Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2014; 35(1): 20-5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Giroud C, Augsburger M, Rivier L et al. 2C-B: a new psychoactive phenylethylamine recently discovered in Ecstasy tablets sold on the Swiss black market. J Anal Toxicol 1998; 22(5): 345-54 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. EMCCDA: European Drug Report. 2014. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2014 Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  41. Nouveaux produits de synthèse identifiés en France depuis 2000 - note SINTES 2014. http://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/sintes/ir_140831_nps.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (2 pages) [Google Scholar]
  42. Ladroue V, Besacier F, Hologne M. Découverte d’un laboratoire de conditionnement de nouveaux produits de synthèse en France. Ann Toxicol Anal 2013; 25(4): 175-84 http://www.ata-journal.org/articles/ata/pdf/2013/04/ata130038.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (10 pages) [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  43. Organe international de contrôle des stupéfiants. Liste des substances psychotropes placées sous contrôle international. http://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/green_lists/Green_list_FRE_2014_85223_GHB.pdf Consulté le 21 octobre 2014 (36 pages) [Google Scholar]
  44. Paillet-Loilier M, Cesbron A, Le Boisselier R, et al. Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted catrhinones. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2014; 5: 37-52 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Debruyne D, Courné MA, Le Boisselier R, et al. La méphédrone : une designer drug d’usage récent en France. Therapie 2010; 65(6): 519-24 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Eshleman AJ, Wolfrum KM, Hatfield MG, et al. Substituted methcathinones differ in transporter and receptor interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85(12): 1803-15 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, et al. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168(2): 458-70 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Cameron K, Kolanos R, Vekariya R, et al. Mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), major constituents of “bath salts”, produce opposite effects at the human dopamine transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227(3): 493-9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sogawa C, Sogawa N, Ohyama K, et al. Methylone and monoamine transporters: correlation with toxicity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9(1): 58-62 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gatch MB, Taylor CM, Forster MJ. Locomotor stimulant and discriminative stimulus effects of “bath salt” cathinones. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24(5-6): 437-47 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Forrester MB. Synthetic cathinone exposures reported to Texas poison centers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38(6): 609-15 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Prosser JM, Nelson LS. The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones. J Med Toxicol 2012; 8(1): 33-42 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Boulanger-Gobeil C, St-Onge M, Laliberté M, et al. Seizures and hyponatremia related to ethcathinone and methylone poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2012; 8(1): 59-61 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. James D, Adams RD, Spears R, et al. National Poisons Information Service. Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to the UK National Poisons Information Service. Emerg Med J 2011; 28(8): 686-9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Schifano F, Corkery J, Ghodse AH. Suspected and confirmed fatalities associated with mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, “meow-meow”) in the United Kingdom. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32(5): 710-4 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Johnson LA, Johnson RL, Portier RB. Current “legal highs”. J Emerg Med 2013; 44(6): 1108-15 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Wee S, Anderson KG, Baumann MH, et al. Relationship between the serotonergic activity and reinforcing effects of a series of amphetamine analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313(2): 848-54 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  58. Morris H, Wallach J. From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test Anal 2014 Jul-Aug; 6(7-8): 614-32 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hofer KE, Grager B, Müller DM, et al. Ketamine-like effects after recreational use of methoxetamine. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60(1): 97-9 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Corazza O, Assi S, Schifano F. From “Special K” to “Special M”: the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19(6): 454-60 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Roth BL, Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W, et al. The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8(3): e59334 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Coppola M, Mondola R. Methoxetamine: from drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79(4): 504-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sein Anand J, Wiergowski M, Barwina M, et al. Accidental intoxication with high dose of methoxetamine (MXE): a case report. Przegl Lek 2012; 69(8): 609-10 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Menzies EL, Hudson SC, Dargan PI, et al. Characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways for the novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6(6): 506-15 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Meyer MR, Bach M, Welter J, et al. Ketamine-derived designer drug methoxetamine: metabolism including isoenzyme kinetics and toxicological detectability using GC-MS and LC-(HR-)MSn. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405(19): 6307-21 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Ward J, Rhyee S, Plansky J, et al. Methoxetamine: a novel ketamine analog and growing health-care concern. Clin Toxicol (Phil) 2011; 49(9): 874-5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, et al. Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the ketamine derivative methoxetamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68(5): 853-6 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Loeffler G, Craig C. Methoxetamine misuse and toxicity. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74(5): 816-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Shields JE, Dargan PI, Wood DM, et al. Methoxetamine associated reversible cerebellar toxicity: three cases with analytical confirmation. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50(5): 438-40 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Wikström M, Thelander G, Dahlgren M, et al. An accidental fatal intoxication with methoxetamine. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37(1): 43-6 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Dargan PI, Tang HC, Liang W, et al. Three months of methoxetamine administration is associated with significant bladder and renal toxicity in mice. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52(3): 176-80 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Elliott S, Evans J. A 3-year review of new psychoactive substances in casework. Forensic Sci Int 2014 Oct; 243: 55-60 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Archer JR, Dargan PI, Lee HM, et al. Trend analysis of anonymised pooled urine from portable street urinals in central London identifies variation in the use of novel psychoactive substances. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52(3): 160-5 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Giné CV, Espinosa IF, Vilamala MV. New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon? Drug Test Anal 2014; 6(7-8): 819-24 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, et al. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990; 346: 561-4 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990; 87: 1932-6 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  77. Ishac EJ, Jiang L, Lake KD, et al. Inhibition of exocytotic noradrenaline release by presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors on peripheral sympathetic nerves. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118: 2023-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Bouaboula M, Rinaldi M, Carayon P, et al. Cannabinoid receptor expression in human leukocytes. Eur J Biochem 1993; 214: 173-80 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Mouslech Z, Valla V. Endocannabinoid system: an overview of its potential in current medical practice. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009; 30: 153-79 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. ANSM. Commission nationale des stupéfiants et psychotropes. 19 février 2009. http://ansm.sante.fr/var/ansm_site/storage/original/application/cd1d2f893a221733e629d0109256798a.pdf Accessed October 21st , 2014 (16 pages) [Google Scholar]
  81. Arrêté du 24 février 2009 modifiant l’arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants. JORF n° 0049 du 27 février 2009 page 3494 texte n° 48. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000020315197&fastPos=1&fastReqId=934782763&categorieLien=id&oldAction=rechTexte Accessed October 21st , 2014 [Google Scholar]
  82. Seely KA, Patton AL, Moran CL, et al. Forensic investigation of K2, Spice, and “bath salt” commercial preparations: a three-year study of new designer drug products containing synthetic cannabinoid, stimulant, and hallucinogenic compounds. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233(1-3): 416-22 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Brents LK, Prather PL. The K2/Spice Phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products. Drug Met Rev 2014; 46(1): 72-85 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  84. Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, et al. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction 2013, 108(3): 534-44 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Brewer TL, Collins M. A review of clinical manifestation in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2014; 19: 119-26 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Wiebelhaus JM, Poklis JL, Poklis A, et al. Inhalation exposure to smoke from synthetic “marijuana” produces potent cannabimimetic effects in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126(3): 316-23 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Winstock AR, Barratt MJ. Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 131(1-2): 106-11 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Ibrahim S, Al-Saffar F, Wannenburg T. A unique case of cardiac arrest following K2 abuse. Case Rep Cardiol 2014; 2014: 120607 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A. Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 2011; 128(6): e1622-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Zimmermann US, Winkelmann PR, Pilhatsch M, et al. Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of “spice gold”. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(27): 464-71 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Nacca N, Vatti D, Sullivan R, et al. The synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome. J Addict Med 2013; 7(4): 296-8 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Kalant H. Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28: 849-63 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Daccarett M, Freih M, Machado C. Acute cannabis intoxication mimickink brugada-like ST segment abnormalities. Int J Cardiol 2007; 119: 235-6 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wells DL, Ott CA. The “new” marijuana. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45(3): 414-7 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Fisar Z. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381: 563-72 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Stogner JM, Miller BL. Investigating the “bath salt” panic: The rarity of synthetic cathinone use among students in the United States. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013; 32(5): 545-9 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]